## Sinaunang Kabihasnan sa Timog-Silangang Asya ### Mainland Southeast Asia * **Sinaunang Vietnam:** Constantly battled with China for influence and control. * **Funan (Southern Cambodia, 1st-5th Century):** A powerful kingdom known for its extensive trade networks with China and India. Think of Funan as a major trading hub connecting East and South Asia. * **Angkor (Khmer, Northern Cambodia, 6th-9th Century):** Rose to prominence after Funan's decline. Famous for Angkor Wat, a magnificent temple complex and royal burial ground. Angkor Wat's intricate carvings and massive scale showcase the Khmer's advanced architectural and artistic skills. * **Pagan (Myanmar):** Primarily an agricultural society with Buddhism as its dominant religion. Eventually conquered by the Thai. Many mistakenly believe Pagan's influence lasted longer than it did; it was ultimately absorbed by neighboring powers. * **Toungoo (Southern Myanmar):** Under King Mingyi Nyo, it became a significant center of trade. * **Dinastiyang Le (Vietnam, 1428-1789):** Divided into the Old Le and New Le dynasties, transitioning from Buddhism to Confucianism as a dominant influence. Remember the shift in religious and philosophical emphasis within the Le dynasty. * **Ayutthaya (Thailand):** Founded by Ramathibodi, it flourished under Buddhism and a legal code based on Hindu and Thai traditions. ### Insular Southeast Asia * **Imperyong Srivijaya (Sumatra, Indonesia, 600-1300):** A powerful maritime empire, rich in gold, and a major player in the trade between Arabia, India, and Africa. Practiced Buddhism. Srivijaya's control over key maritime trade routes contributed significantly to its wealth and power. * **Majapahit (Indonesia):** Succeeded Srivijaya but eventually weakened due to the spread of Islam. Conquered by Muslim Javanese in 1528. * **Malacca (Malaysia, 1403-1551):** A crucial trading center that spread Muslim religion and culture throughout the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines. * **Sailendra (Java, Indonesia, 750-850):** A powerful kingdom that rose after Funan's fall, known for its flourishing Buddhist culture. The name "Sailendra" translates to "King of the Mountains," reflecting their power and influence. * **Barangay (Philippines):** The basic socio-political unit in pre-colonial Philippines. ## Kolonyalismo at Imperyalismo **Key Terms:** * **Kolonyalismo:** Direct control and exploitation of a weaker nation's resources by a foreign power. * **Eksplorasyon:** Exploration and discovery. * **Manlalayag:** Sailors and explorers. * **Caravels:** Advanced sailing ships. * **Merkantilismo:** Economic policy emphasizing exports and accumulation of precious metals (gold and silver). * **Kristiyanismo:** Christianity, actively spread by Western colonial powers. * **White Man's Burden:** The supposed duty of Westerners to civilize non-Western peoples. * **Protektorado:** Indirect rule where native leaders maintain power under the supervision of a foreign power. * **Sphere of Influence:** A region where a foreign power exerts significant political or economic influence. **Causes of Colonialism:** 1. **Technological advancements:** Superior weaponry and navigation. 2. **Merkantilismo:** The need for raw materials and markets for finished goods. 3. **Search for new trade routes:** Alternatives to established land routes. Examples include the Northern, Central, and Southern routes, and Vasco de Gama's voyage. 4. **Spread of Christianity:** A religious and ideological justification for expansion. The Reconquista in Spain is an example. **Effects of Colonialism and Imperialism:** * **Economic:** Exploitation of resources, disruption of local economies. * **Political:** Loss of sovereignty, imposition of foreign rule. * **Sociocultural:** Cultural disruption, imposition of foreign values and beliefs. * **Technological:** Limited technology transfer. **Methods of Colonial Rule:** 1. **Direct Rule:** Direct administration by the colonial power. 2. **Indirect Rule:** Rule through existing local leaders. ## Unang Yugto ng Imperyalismong Kanluranin **Difference between Colonialism and Imperialism:** * **Kolonyalismo:** Focused on acquiring resources from conquered territories. * **Imperyalismo:** Focused on expanding power and influence into neighboring regions. **Major Colonial Powers:** * **Britain:** Implemented the "White Man's Burden" philosophy, building infrastructure (railroads, ports) in India and China, and establishing Singapore as a key port. * **France:** Practiced direct rule, focusing on export crops (rice) and causing uprisings in Vietnam. * **Netherlands:** Focused on trade and resource exploitation in Indonesia, implementing the "Culture/Cultivation System." * **Portugal:** Established colonies in Goa, East Timor, and Macau, spreading Christianity. * **Spain:** Conquered the Philippines, establishing a centralized government and implementing policies like *reduccion*, *polo y servicio*, and the *encomienda* system, and the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. ## Ikalawang Yugto ng Imperyalismong Kanluranin **Responses of Filipinos and other Asians to Colonialism:** * **Faith:** Religion provided solace and hope. * **Education:** Education empowered people to fight for their rights. * **Use of the Filipino Language:** Fostered national identity and cultural pride. * **Modernization:** Economic development and opportunities. * **Formation of Organizations:** Collective action to fight for rights and independence. ## Nationalist Movements of Southeast Asia during Colonialism * **Indochinese Communist Party:** Aimed to overthrow colonial powers and fight for regional liberation. * **Burma Independence Army:** Successfully liberated Burma from British rule in 1948. * **Indonesian National Party:** Fought against Dutch colonial rule. * **Malayan Communist Party:** Successfully fought against the British through worker and peasant unity. * **Vietnamese Nationalist Movement:** United various ethnic groups to fight against French rule. * **Thailand:** Remained a buffer state, avoiding direct colonization.